OpenBSD 4.0

Released Nov 1, 2006
Copyright 1997-2006, Theo de Raadt.
ISBN 0-9731791-8-X
4.0 Song: "Humppa Negala"

Order a CDROM from our ordering system.
See the information on The FTP page for a list of mirror machines.
Go to the pub/OpenBSD/4.0/ directory on one of the mirror sites.
Briefly read the rest of this document.
Have a look at The 4.0 Errata page for a list of bugs and workarounds.
See a detailed log of changes between the 3.9 and 4.0 releases.

All applicable copyrights and credits can be found in the applicable file sources found in the files src.tar.gz, sys.tar.gz, xenocara.tar.gz, or in the files fetched via ports.tar.gz. The distribution files used to build packages from the ports.tar.gz file are not included on the CDROM because of lack of space.

What's New

This is a partial list of new features and systems included in OpenBSD 4.0. For a comprehensive list, see the changelog leading to 4.0.

New/extended platforms:
- OpenBSD/armish.
  Various ARM-based appliances, using the Redboot boot loader, currently only supporting the Thecus N2100 and IOData HDL-G.
- OpenBSD/sparc64.
  UltraSPARC III based machines are now supported!
- OpenBSD/zaurus.
  Support for the Zaurus SL-C3200.
Improved hardware support, including:
- New msk(4) driver for Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon-2 Gigabit Ethernet.
- New bnx(4) driver for Broadcom NetXtreme II Gigabit Ethernet.
- New xge(4) driver for Neterion Xframe/Xframe II 10Gb Ethernet.
- New rum(4) driver for Ralink Technology 2nd gen USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless.
- New acx(4) driver for Texas Instruments ACX100/ACX111 IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless.
- New pgt(4) driver for Connexant/Intersil Prism GT Full-MAC IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless.
- New uath(4) driver for Atheros USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless.
- New binary blob free wpi(4) driver for Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless.
- New arc(4) driver for Areca Technology Corporation SATA RAID; including RAID management via bio(4).
- New mfi(4) driver for LSI Logic & Dell MegaRAID SAS RAID; including RAID management via bio(4).
- New azalia(4) driver for generic High Definition Audio.
- New SD/MMC/SDIO drivers (sdhc(4), sdmmc(4)), currently supporting SD memory cards as fake SCSI sd(4) drives.
- New udcf(4) driver for Gude ADS Expert mouseCLOCK DCF77/HBG time signal station receivers.
- New uslcom(4) driver for Silicon Laboratories CP2101/CP2102 based USB serial adapters.
- New ucycom(4) driver for Cypress microcontroller based USB serial adapters.
- New uark(4) driver for Arkmicro Technologies ARK3116 based USB serial adapters.
- New umsm(4) driver for Qualcomm MSM EVDO based modems.
- New Dallas/Maxim 1-Wire bus support, including:
  - New gpioow(4) driver for 1-Wire bus bit-banging through GPIO pin
  - New onewire(4) 1-Wire bus driver
  - New owid(4) 1-Wire ID family driver
  - New owtemp(4) 1-Wire temperature family driver
- New isagpio(4) driver for ISA I/O mapped as GPIO.
- New nmea(4) line discipline for NMEA 0183 (GPS) devices. The new nmeaattach(8) utility can be used to receive NMEA 0183 data and provide the time received as a timedelta sensor to be used by, for example, ntpd(8).
- New VAX framebuffer drivers:
  - New lcg(4) driver for VAXstation 4000/60 and VLC color frame buffers
  - New lcspx(4) driver for Low-Cost SPX color frame buffers
  - New gpx(4) driver for GPX color frame buffers
  - smg(4) driver for Small Monochrome Graphics frame buffers heavily updated to be a modern wscons(4) driver
- Support for VAX-based Digital VXT2000 and VXT2000+ terminals.
- The bge(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as the Broadcom BCM5754, BCM5755, BCM5786, and BCM5787.
- The em(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as the Intel ESB2 and ICH8.
- The nfe(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as the NVIDIA MCP61 and MCP65.
- The re(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as the Realtek RT8101E, RT8168, and RT8169SC.
- The dc(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as the ADMtek ADM9511 and ADM9513.
- The pciide(4) driver supporting newer chipsets, such as:
  - ATI IXP300 SATA, IXP600 IDE
  - Intel 6321ESB IDE/SATA, 82801G SATA, and 82801H SATA
  - IT Express IT8211F IDE
  - NVIDIA MCP61 SATA, MCP65 SATA
  - Promise PDC205xx SATA
  - ServerWorks SATA
  - VIA VT8237A SATA
- The mpt(4) driver has been replaced with mpi(4), a more stable driver that supports more hardware.
- The com(4) driver now supports pcmcia and cardbus cards on macppc.
- Working interrupt routing on Sun Netra t1 105, Ultra 60 and possibly other sparc64 systems.
- Work around broken VIA and NVIDIA MPBIOSes, fixes interrupt routing with GENERIC.MP on several systems.
- Initial bio(4) support for Compaq/HP ciss(4) Smart ARRAY 5/6 SAS/SCSI RAID controllers.
- Improved speed control on some systems:
  - New SpeedStep detection code, also adds support for VIA C7-M, and several newer Pentium M's.
  - Support SpeedStep in rudimentary fashion on most unknown CPU's that advertise the feature.
  - Zaurus can be moved into slower speeds now too.
  - The Pentium 4 Thermal Clock Control driver now supports more CPU's including the Intel Pentium M and Xeon, and provides an estimated performance impact.
  - Numerous improvements to PowerNow K7 and K8 support on i386, and support for K8 was added to amd64.
- Support for Intel 945G/GM video chipsets (on i386).
- Support for additional I2C sensors:
  - The adt(4) driver now supports the National Semiconductor LM9600, SMSC EMC6D10x and SMSC SCH5017 chips.
  - The admtemp(4) driver now supports the Analog Devices ADM1023, Genesys Logic GL523SM and Global Mixed-mode Technology G781 chips.
New tools:
- GNU RCS has been replaced with OpenRCS.
New functionality:
- IPsec has been greatly improved:
  - ipsecctl(8) has been greatly extended and completely supersedes ipsecadm(8):
    - Lots of documentation improvements (man ipsec.conf)
    - IPv6 support
    - AH support
    - Transport mode support
    - Dynamic IKE support for roaming users
    - USER_FQDN id support
  - sasyncd(8) works much better:
    - communicates with isakmpd(8), telling it to run active or passive depending on the master/slave state of the carp(4) interfaces. This makes IPsec failover setups much more robust.
    - looks at the carp(4) interface group by default to suppress preemption of IPsec traffic during system boot.
  - isakmpd(8) can now be safely configured by ipsecctl(8) on startup.
- ftp(1) now supports HTTPS.
- cdio(1) can now perform track-at-once burning and rewritable blanking.
- spppcontrol(8) and wicontrol(8) functionality has been merged into ifconfig(8).
- gcc(1) provides a new warning, -Wstack-larger-than-N, to report functions which are too greedy in stack variables, see gcc-local(1) for details.
- An in-kernel getcwd(3) implementation.
- A new system call adjfreq(2) to allow ntpd(8) to adjust the tick rate of the system clock automatically.
- Support for X11 on VAX has been added
- Virtual Allocation Table (VAT) support for UDF.
- C99 functions round(3), roundf(3), trunc(3), and truncf(3) have been added to libm, the math library.
- pf(4) now supports Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) checks for simplified ingress filtering.
- bpf(4) can now ignore packets based on their direction (inbound/outbound) using the BIOCSDIRFILT ioctl.
- pdisk(8) can now set up slices on HFS(DPME) partitioned disks on mac68k.
- New dissectors have been added to tcpdump(8):
  - Cisco's VQP (VLAN Query Protocol)
  - IEEE 802.1AB LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol)
- trunk(4) now supports the new loadbalance mode to balance outgoing traffic based on hashed protocol header information.
- bioctl(8) has been extended to provide runtime information on rebuilds, scrubs and initialization.
- New sysctls to check the system vendor, product, version, serial number, and UUID.
- Equal cost multipath routing support. Needs to be enabled by a sysctl.
- Prebind, a secure implementation of prelinking, has been added to ldconfig(8), it speeds up launching of shared binaries. Prebind is compatible with address space randomization, unlike prelink.
- vnconfig(8) can now use PKCS #5 PBKDF2 to create a more secure key when using encryption.
Assorted improvements and code cleanup:
- Much better time keeping for multiprocessor OpenBSD/i386 systems.
- Much improved implementation of telldir(3) and friends.
- Replacement of many malloc(3) calls that follow a pattern prone to integer overflow with safer constructs.
- Improved failover handling in carp(4):
  - Extend the carp protocol with the demotion counter to act smarter on multiple failures.
  - Group failovers now work without carp running preempt mode.
  - Demotion can now be controlled via interface groups.
- chio(1) is now a useful tool for controlling tape changers.
- Much improved st(4) device setup, tape handling and error processing.
- Many dhclient(8) fixes, including 'alias' handling and improved interface initialization.
- scsi(4) devices detect the correct SCSI version.
- More umass(4) devices properly detected.
- Improved detection of fibre channel devices and devices in SCSI enclosures.
- The new RSSI header has been added to the ieee80211_radiotap(9) framework as a replacement for ANTSIGNAL headers.
- Many integer type safety cleanups with lint(1).
Install/Upgrade process changes
- Host specific site files add easy customization for individual hosts
- X Window aperture support, where available, now defaults to off
New functionality for hostapd(8), the Host Access Point Daemon:
- IP based roaming to build wireless networks without the requirement of a single broadcast domain.
- New event rules to match optional elements of radiotap headers: signal percentage, transmit rate and channel frequency.
- Various bug fixes and improvements.
OpenSSH 4.4:
- Conditional configuration in sshd_config(5) using the Match directive. This allows some configuration options to be selectively overridden if specific criteria (based on user, group, hostname and/or address) are met.
- Add support for Diffie-Hellman group exchange key agreement with a final hash of SHA256.
- Added a ForceCommand directive to sshd_config(5), similar to the command="..." option in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.
- Added a PermitOpen directive to sshd_config(5), similar to the permitopen="..." option in authorized_keys, to allow control over the port-forwardings that a user is allowed to establish.
- Added an ExitOnForwardFailure option to cause ssh(1) to exit (with a non-zero exit code) when requested port forwardings could not be established.
- Added optional logging of transactions to sftp-server(8).
- ssh(1) will now record port numbers for hosts stored in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys when a non-standard port has been requested.
- Extended the sshd_config(5) "SubSystem" directive to allow the specification of commandline arguments.
- Many manpage fixes and improvements
OpenBGPD 4.0:
- new nexthop selection logic ignoring bgpd routes, helps in complex setups with ospfd
- add a "detailed" show rib view to bgpctl, including communities
- allow requesting a route refresh from a peer that supports it
- have bgpd always report back the result of an operation to bgpctl, so the operator can spot errors quicker
- allow bgpd to manipulate carp demotion counters based on session states, gives even greater failover support
- support restarting sessions that reached max-prefix after a given time
- bgpctl can now show all routes received from a neighbor before filters were applied, and routes sent to neighbors
- assorted fixes and improvements, as usual
OpenOSPFD 4.0:
- Track uptime of the daemon itself.
- Track uptime of all ospf enabled interfaces.
- Adjust logging behaviour to prevent unwanted logging.
- Delay LSA updates when removing and adding - prevent flapping.
- Fix plaintext authentication.
- Improve the output of 'ospfctl show interfaces'.
- Support rtlabels when redistributing routes.
OpenNTPD 4.0:
- support timedelta sensors, such as DCF77 receivers supported by udcf(4) and GPS receivers supported by nmea(4).
- Adjust the kernel tick frequency, using adjfreq(2), improving accuracy on many machines.
- allow for weight to be added to sensors or servers, so that one can weight timedelta sensors higher than ntp peers
Over 3700 ports, 3400 pre-built packages, improved package tools.
Full support for pkg_add(1) over ssh(1), using one single connection.
As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
The system includes the following major components from outside suppliers:
- X.Org 6.9.0 (+ patches, and i386 contains XFree86 3.3.6 servers (+ patches) for legacy chipsets not supported by X.Org)
- Gcc 2.95.3 (+ patches) and 3.3.5 (+ patches)
- Perl 5.8.8 (+ patches)
- Apache 1.3.29, mod_ssl 2.8.16, DSO support (+ patches)
- OpenSSL 0.9.7j (+ patches)
- Groff 1.15
- Sendmail 8.13.8, with libmilter
- Bind 9.3.2-P1 (+ patches)
- Lynx 2.8.5rel.4 with HTTPS and IPv6 support (+ patches)
- Sudo 1.6.8p9
- Ncurses 5.2
- Latest KAME IPv6
- Heimdal 0.7.2 (+ patches)
- Arla 0.35.7
- Binutils 2.15 (+ patches)
- Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)

How to install

Following this are the instructions which you would have on a piece of paper if you had purchased a CDROM set instead of doing an alternate form of install. The instructions for doing an FTP (or other style of) install are very similar; the CDROM instructions are left intact so that you can see how much easier it would have been if you had purchased a CDROM instead.

Please refer to the following files on the three CDROMs or FTP mirror for extensive details on how to install OpenBSD 4.0 on your machine:

CD1:4.0/i386/INSTALL.i386
CD2:4.0/amd64/INSTALL.amd64
CD2:4.0/macppc/INSTALL.macppc
CD3:4.0/sparc/INSTALL.sparc
CD3:4.0/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/alpha/INSTALL.alpha
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/armish/INSTALL.armish
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/cats/INSTALL.cats
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/hp300/INSTALL.hp300
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/hppa/INSTALL.hppa
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/luna88k/INSTALL.luna88k
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/mac68k/INSTALL.mac68k
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/sgi/INSTALL.sgi
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/vax/INSTALL.vax
FTP:.../OpenBSD/4.0/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus

Quick installer information for people familiar with OpenBSD, and the use of the "disklabel -E" command. If you are at all confused when installing OpenBSD, read the relevant INSTALL.* file as listed above!

OpenBSD/i386:

CD1:4.0/i386/floppy40.fs

Use CD1:4.0/i386/floppyB40.fs instead for greater SCSI controller support, or CD1:4.0/i386/floppyC40.fs for better laptop support.

If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk, you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included INSTALL.i386 document.

If you are planning on dual booting OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to read INSTALL.i386.

To make a boot floppy under MS-DOS, use the "rawrite" utility located at CD1:4.0/tools/rawrite.exe. To make the boot floppy under a Unix OS, use the dd(1) utility. The following is an example usage of dd(1), where the device could be "floppy", "rfd0c", or "rfd0a".

# dd if=<file> of=/dev/<device> bs=32k

Make sure you use properly formatted perfect floppies with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install will most likely fail. For more information on creating a boot floppy and installing OpenBSD/i386 please refer to FAQ 4.3.1.

OpenBSD/amd64:

CD2:4.0/amd64/floppy40.fs

If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk, you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included INSTALL.amd64 document.

If you are planning to dual boot OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to read INSTALL.amd64.

OpenBSD/macppc:

OpenBSD/macppc boot

Alternatively, at the Open Firmware prompt, enter boot cd:,ofwboot /4.0/macppc/bsd.rd

OpenBSD/sparc:

ok boot cdrom 4.0/sparc/bsd.rd
or
> b sd(0,6,0)4.0/sparc/bsd.rd

If your SPARC system does not have a CD drive, you can alternatively boot from floppy. To do so you need to write CD3:4.0/sparc/floppy40.fs to a floppy. For more information see FAQ 4.3.1. To boot from the floppy use one of the two commands listed below, depending on the version of your ROM.

ok boot floppy
or
> b fd()

Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install will most likely fail.

If your SPARC system doesn't have a floppy drive nor a CD drive, you can either setup a bootable tape, or install via network, as told in the INSTALL.sparc file.

OpenBSD/sparc64:

boot cdrom

If this doesn't work, or if you don't have a CDROM drive, you can write CD3:4.0/sparc64/floppy40.fs or CD3:4.0/sparc64/floppyB40.fs (depending on your machine) to a floppy and boot it with boot floppy. Refer to INSTALL.sparc64 for details.

Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install will most likely fail.

You can also write CD3:4.0/sparc64/miniroot40.fs to the swap partition on the disk and boot with boot disk:b.

If nothing works, you can boot over the network as described in INSTALL.sparc64.

OpenBSD/alpha:

Write FTP:4.0/alpha/floppy40.fs or FTP:4.0/alpha/floppyB40.fs (depending on your machine) to a diskette and enter boot dva0. Refer to INSTALL.alpha for more details.

Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install will most likely fail.

OpenBSD/armish:

After connecting a serial port, Thecus can boot directly from the network either tftp or http. Configure the network using fconfig, reset, then load bsd.rd, see INSTALL.armish for specific details. IOData HDL-G can only boot from an EXT-2 partition. Boot into linux and copy 'boot' and bsd.rd into the first partition on wd0 (hda1) then load and run bsd.rd, preserving the wd0i (hda1) ext2fs partition. More details are available in INSTALL.armish.

OpenBSD/cats:

After updating the firmware to at least ABLE 1.95 if necessary, boot FTP:4.0/cats/bsd.rd from an ABLE-supported device (such as a CD-ROM or an existing FFS or EXT2FS partition).

OpenBSD/hp300:

Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hp300.

OpenBSD/hppa:

Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hppa or the hppa platform page.

OpenBSD/luna88k:

Copy bsd.rd to a Mach or UniOS partition, and boot it from the PROM. Alternatively, you can create a bootable tape and boot from it. Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.luna88k for more details.

OpenBSD/mac68k:

Boot MacOS as normal and extract the Macside "BSD/Mac68k Booter" utility from FTP:4.0/mac68k/utils onto your hard disk. Configure the "BSD/Mac68k Booter" with the location of your bsd.rd kernel and boot into the installer. Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.mac68k for more details.

OpenBSD/mvme68k:

You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.
The network boot requires a MVME68K BUG version that supports the NIOT and NBO debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme68k for more details.

OpenBSD/mvme88k:

You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.
The network boot requires a MVME88K BUG version that supports the NIOT and NBO debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme88k for more details.

OpenBSD/sgi:

Burn cd40.iso on a CD-R, put it in the CD drive of your machine and select Install System Software from the System Maintenance menu.

If your machine doesn't have a CD drive, you can setup a DHCP/tftp network server, and boot using "bootp()/bsd.rd". Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.sgi for more details.

OpenBSD/vax:

Boot over the network via mopbooting as described in INSTALL.vax.

OpenBSD/zaurus:

Using the Linux built-in graphical ipkg installer, install the openbsd40_arm.ipk package. Reboot, then run it. Read INSTALL.zaurus for a few important details.

Notes about the source code:

# mkdir -p /usr/src
# cd /usr/src
# tar xvfz /tmp/src.tar.gz

sys.tar.gz contains a source archive starting at /usr/src/sys. This file contains all the kernel sources you need to rebuild kernels. To extract:

# mkdir -p /usr/src/sys
# cd /usr/src
# tar xvfz /tmp/sys.tar.gz

Both of these trees are a regular CVS checkout. Using these trees it is possible to get a head-start on using the anoncvs servers as described here. Using these files results in a much faster initial CVS update than you could expect from a fresh checkout of the full OpenBSD source tree.

How to upgrade

If you already have an OpenBSD 3.9 system, and do not want to reinstall, upgrade instructions and advice can be found in the Upgrade Guide.

Ports Tree

A ports tree archive is also provided. To extract:

# cd /usr
# tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz
# cd ports

The ports/ subdirectory is a checkout of the OpenBSD ports tree. Go read the ports page if you know nothing about ports at this point. This text is not a manual of how to use ports. Rather, it is a set of notes meant to kickstart the user on the OpenBSD ports system.

The ports/ directory represents a CVS (see the manpage for cvs(1) if you aren't familiar with CVS) checkout of our ports. As with our complete source tree, our ports tree is available via anoncvs. So, in order to keep current with it, you must make the ports/ tree available on a read-write medium and update the tree with a command like:

# cd [portsdir]/; cvs -d anoncvs@server.openbsd.org:/cvs update -Pd -rOPENBSD_4_0

[Of course, you must replace the local directory and server name here with the location of your ports collection and a nearby anoncvs server.]

Note that most ports are available as packages through FTP. Updated packages for the 4.0 release will be made available if problems arise.

If you're interested in seeing a port added, would like to help out, or just would like to know more, the mailing list ports@openbsd.org is a good place to know.